Timeline 1851-1900

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Professor Harmon Johnson, of English Literature, proposed Scholarship Plan, endowment fund before board   Professor Thomas Sudler resigned	1851	Leading antislavery weekly began publishing Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin in a serial (Jan.)  Verdi's Rigoletto opened in Venice (Mar. 11)  Crystal Palace Exhibition opened (May 1)  Gold discovered in Australia (Aug. 22)  America's Cup opened with U.S. victory (Aug. 22)  James Fenimore Cooper died (Sep. 14)  New York Times first appeared (Sep. 18)  The first YMCA in North America opened in Montreal (Nov.  9) then Boston (Nov. 29)  Melville's Moby Dick published (Nov. 14)  J. M.W. Turner died (Nov. 19)
Union Institute (1838) is re-chartered in Randolph County, N.C., as Normal College. Will be renamed again as Duke University in 1924 (Nov. 21) President Jesse Truesdell Peck resigned  Charles Collins elected President	1852	First Chinese immigrants in Hawaii (Jan. 3)  Wells Fargo Company founded in U.S (Mar. 18)  Complete version of Uncle Tom's Cabin first published (Mar. 20)  Peter Roget's Thesaurus published (May 29)  Antonio Gaudi born in Spain (June 25)  Robert E. Lee appointed head of West Point (Sep.)  Duke of Wellington died (Sep. 14)  Louis Napoleon declared Emperor (Dec. 2)
Carlisle had running water	1853	Franklin Pierce sworn in as 14th U.S. President (Mar. 4)  Verdi's "La Traviata" premiered (Mar. 6)  First rail line in Asia opened - 36 kilometer stretch from Bombay to Tanna (May 18)  In the US, Harriet Tubman started the Underground Railroad (May 20)  Buenos Aires declared independence from Argentina (May 23)  US Commodore Perry reached Japan (July 3)  Crimean War begins (Oct.)  Lilly Langtry born in Jersey (Oct. 13)  US made the Gadsden Purchase (Dec. 30)  Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain.
Lincoln University, a black Presbyterian college in Oxford, Pennsylvania was chartered (Jan. 1) Carlisle introduced gas lighting	1854	The Republican party was organized following passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened Kansas and Nebraska territories to white settlement and repealed the Missouri Compromise line restricting slavery in northern part of the Louisiana Purchase (Feb. 28)   Garrison publicly burned a copy of the U.S. Constitution, calling it "a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell."  UK & France declared war on Russia (Mar. 28)  Commodore Perry negotiated first treaty between U.S. and Japan (Mar. 31)  Henry David Thoreau published Walden (Aug. 9)  Anglo-French invasion of the Crimea; Sevastopol came under siege (Sep.)  Charge of the Light Brigade took place in the Crimea (Oct. 25) ;Tennyson's poem followed  Pope Pius IX made the Immaculate Conception "an article of faith" (Dec. 8)
	1855	Longfellow's "Song of Hiawatha" completed (Mar. 29) and published (Nov. 10)  In US, Know Nothing Party's convention (June)  Whitman published his Leaves of Grass (July)  Russians surrendered Sevastopol (Sep. 10)  Isaac M. Singer of New York patented the Sewing Machine Motor (Oct. 9)  Sir Henry Bessemer's steel making process was patented (Oct. 17)  In Africa, David Livingstone "discovered" Victoria Falls (Nov. 16)
Gas and water mains now working throughout most of Carlisle	1856	British Victoria Cross instituted (Jan. 29)  Booker T. Washington born in Virginia (Apr. 5)  Sigmund Freud born in Moravia (May 6)  In the US, pro slavery forces captured and pillaged Lawrence, Kansas  (May 21)   John Brown and six companions murdered five pro slavery men and boys at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas (May 24)   Crimean War ended (May 28)   First national convention of the Republican Party in Philadelphia (June)  George Bernard Shaw born in Dublin (July 26)  James Buchanan won the U.S. Presidency, won  all southern states but Maryland (Nov. 4)  Woodrow Wilson born (Dec. 28)
	1857	National Deaf Mute College, later renamed Gallaudet College, incorporated in Washington, DC (Feb. 16) Czar Alexander II  began the emancipation of the serfs in Russia (Law on Mar. 3, 1861)  The U.S. Supreme Court decided the Dred Scott case.  In the majority opinion, Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Scott was still a slave with no standing to sue; that black Americans (slave or free) were not citizens and did not have civil rights protected by the U.S. Constitution; and that neither the territorial government nor the federal government could ban slavery in the territories, thus making the Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise bans unconstitutional. (Mar. 6)  Tokyo earthquake killed 107,000 (Mar. 21)  Indian Mutiny against British  began (May 10)  Flaubert's Madame Bovary published (May 12)  TransAtlantic cable began to be laid  (Aug.)  Sheffield Football Club, world's first soccer club, founded in northern England (Oct. 24)  Victoria and Albert Museum opened in London
	1858	Benito Jaurez president of Mexico (Feb. 11)  Minnesota became a U.S. state (May 11)  Emile Durkheim born in France (May 15)  The Treaty of Tientsin ended the Anglo-China War and opened Chinese ports (June 26)  Rebuilding of the Ringstrasse began in Vienna  Napoleon III & Cavour met at Plombieres (July 20))  Indian Mutiny ended East India Company rule; government transferred to Crown (Aug. 2)  In US, first Lincoln Douglas debate  (Aug. 21)  First transAtlantic cable message - Queen Victoria to President Buchanan (Aug. 16)  Dred Scott died a US slave (Sep. 17)  Can-Can first performed, in Paris (Oct. 21)  Theodore Roosevelt born in N.Y. (Oct. 27)   Macy's opened in NYC (Oct. 27)  The New York Philharmonic gave its first ever concert (Nov. 9)
	1859	Dan Sickles was acquitted murder on grounds of temporary insanity, first time in US (Feb. 19)  Gounod's Faust debuted in Paris (Mar. 19)  Daniel Decatur Emmett composed "I wish I was in Dixie's land"; first sung in public (Apr. 4)  De Lesseps began to cut the Suez Canal (Apr.)  Charles Gounod's "Ave Maria" sung in public for the first time (May 24)  France and Piedmont defeated Austria (July 11)  First producing oil well drilled, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake (Aug. 27)  John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (Oct. 16) He was hanged (Dec. 2)  Charles Darwin published his Origin of the Species (Nov. 24)  Tennyson began to publish "Idylls of the King"  John Stuart Mill published his Essay on Liberty
	1860	St. John Nepomucene Neumann, first male US saint, died (Jan. 5)  In U.S. the Pony Express began (Apr. 3)  Founding of Vladivostok (July 2)  Gustav Mahler born in Bohemia (July 7)  Garibaldi and his "1000" took Sicily (Aug.)  Grandma (Anna Maria) Moses born (Sep. 7)  Prince of Wales visited US (Sep.)  British & French troops captured Peking (Oct. 12)  First British Open Golf Championship began at Prestwick (Oct. 17)  Abraham Lincoln elected in U.S. (Nov. 6)  In the US, the South Carolina house voted 169-0 to secede from the Union (Dec. 20); Major Robert Anderson concentrated his men at Fort Sumter (Dec. 26)
Lt. Zebulon Dyer '59 (CSA) became first graduate to die in the Civil War, at Allegheny Mountain (Dec. 13)	1861	Charles Dickens first published Great Expectations (Jan. - Aug.)  Washington Peace Convention to attempt to preserve the Union in the US (Feb. 4)  Congress of Montgomery declared the Confederate States of America (Feb. 4)  Alfred North Whitehead born (Feb. 15)  Italy declared a united Kingdom (Feb. 18)  South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter and American Civil War began (Apr. 12)   Union defeat at Bull Run (July 21)  Telegraph linked California and East (Oct. 24)  Prince Albert died (Dec. 15)  United States population was 32 million people
	1862	Julia Ward Howe's poem "Battle Hymn of the Republic" published in Atlantic Monthly (Feb. 1)   In US, Merrimac vs Monitor (Mar. 8-9)  The U.S. issued its first paper currency, the "greenbacks" from $5 to $1000 bills (Mar. 10)  France annexed Cochinchina, including area later called Vietnam (Apr. 13)  Battle of Puebla in central Mexico in which Republican forces halted French invasion for a time - the famous "Cinqo de Mayo" (May 5)  In US, Homestead Act became law (May 20)  Victor Hugo's Les Miserables  published in France (Spring)  Otto von Bismarck became Prussian Prime Minister (Sep. 22)  Union won victory at New Orleans (Apr. 29), was defeated at Fredericksburg (Dec. 13)  The Red Cross first proposed by Jean Henri Dunant; came to fruition (Oct. 29, 1863)  Leon Foucault measured speed of light
Confederate forces twice occupied Carlisle and the Dickinson campus (June - July)	1863	Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation took effect legally freeing slaves in areas of the South in rebellion (Jan. 1)  Prime Minister Gladstone opened the first section of the London Underground (Jan. 10)  Thomas Crapper demonstrated his flush toilet in England (Jan. 13)  In US, conscription went into effect (Apr. 1)   Union defeat at Chancellorsville (May), victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg (July)  French troops captured Mexico City and Austrian Archduke Maximillian offered throne (June) Henry Ford born near Detroit (July 30) First stolen base ever in baseball - Eddie Cuthbert for Philadelphia against Brooklyn (July)  Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19)
	1864	Stephen Foster committed suicide (Jan. 13)  Prussia invaded Denmark (Feb. 1)  Ulysses Grant became commander of the Union Armies (Mar. 10)  Congress authorized "In God We Trust" to   appear first time on U.S. coins (Apr. 22)  Sherman's "Mar. through Georgia" (Autumn)  Marx organized the First International (Oct.)  Nevada became a state (Oct. 31)  Lincoln re-elected President of U.S. (Nov.)  Henri Toulouse-Lautrec born (Nov. 24)  Tolstoy's War and Peace began to be published  Louis Pasteur "pasteurized" wine
Yale University opens first Department of Fine Arts in the United States	1865	Congress approved the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery in the United States and it sent on to the states for ratification (Jan. 31)  Confederate States forces surrendered (Apr. 9)   Abraham Lincoln assassinated; Vice President Andrew Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat, succeeded him as president (Apr. 15)  First ever U. S. train holdup near North Bend, Ohio (May 5)  American Civil War officially ended (May 26)  Wagner's opera "Tristan und Isolde" premiered in Munich (June 10)  Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland was published in London (July 4)  William Booth began the Salvation Army in London (July 5)  Joseph Lister discovered anti-septics (Aug. 15)  First oil pipeline laid five miles in Titusville, Pennsylvania by Samuel Van Syckel (Oct. 9)  The Klu Klux Klan was founded in Puluski, Tennessee (Dec. 24)
Lucy Hobbs became first U.S. female dentist, graduating from Ohio College of Dental Surgery (Feb. 21)	1866	Beneditto Croce born in Italy (Feb. 25)  Bedrich Smetana's Bartered Bride debuted in Prague (May 30)  The Atlantic Cable completed (July 27)  Prussia defeated Hanover and then Austria, at the Battle of Konigratz (July); war ended with Treaty of Prague (Aug. 24)  Jacinto Benavente y Martinez born (Aug. 12)  Venice become part of Italy (Nov. 4)  Sun-Yat-Sen born (Nov. 12)  In US, the northern Civil War veterans of  Grand Army of Republic (established Apr. 5) held their first national convention (Nov. 20)  Dostoesvsky's Crime and Punishment was completed (Nov.)  Vassily Kandinsky born (Dec. 5)
Peabody Fund was established to promote black education in the South (Feb. 6)  Morehouse College was organized in Augusta, Georgia (Feb. 14)  Howard University chartered (Mar. 1) The Scientific Society founded under Prof. Charles Francis Himes	1867	Strauss's "Blue Danube" first heard (Feb. 12)  Nebraska became a U.S. state (Mar. 1)  French troops left Mexico (Mar. 12)  Russia sold Alaska to the United States (Mar. 30)  Wilbur Wright born in Ohio (Apr. 16)  Royal Albert Hall begun in London (May 20)  Maximillian executed near Queretaro (June 19)  Canada took up Dominion status (July 1)  "Queensbury Rules" published in London (July)  Luxembourg became independent (Sep. 9)   First volume of Karl Marx's Das Capital was published (Sep. 17)  Mutsuhito became Emperor Meiji, ending shogun rule in Japan (Oct.)  Alfred Nobel invented dynamite (Nov. 25)  First ever "paperback" series went on sale in Leipzig - first title, Goethe's Faust
The University of California was founded (Mar. 23) The Microcosm appeared for the first time, published by the senior class.  It was twenty-eight pages long	1868	W.E.B. DuBois born (Feb. 23)  U.S. President Andrew Johnson impeached in House (Feb. 24) but was acquitted in the Senate (May 16)  Cro-Magnon man discovered in France (Mar.)  Rossini died (May 13)  James Buchanan died aged 77 (June 1)   Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, granting citizenship to any person born or naturalized in the United States.  It also denied office to certain former Rebels and repudiated Confederate war debts (July 28)  First professional baseball team and first baseball uniforms appeared  - the Cincinnati Red Stockings (Sep. 9)  Louisa Alcott published Little Women (Sept. 30)  Scott Joplin born in Texarkana (Nov. 24)  Badminton invented; first tourney (Nov.)
Princeton and Rutgers play first intercollegiate football game at New Brunswick, New Jersey (Nov. 6)	1869	In US, Bret Harte published  The Outcasts of Poker Flat (Jan.)  Congress sent the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution to the states for approval ; the amendment would guarantee black Americans the right to vote (Feb. 26)  Ulysses S. Grant sworn in as 18th U.S. President (Mar. 4) The reputed last veteran of the American Revolution, P. T. Blakeman of Freedom, New York, died (Apr. 5)  Transcontinental railway completed with the nailing of "the Golden Spike" in Utah (May 10)  Matthew Arnold completed his Culture and Anarchy (June)  Mahatma Gandhi born in India (Oct. 2)  Suez Canal opened (Nov. 15)  Clipper ship Cutty Sark launched (Nov. 22)  Wyoming women given the vote (Dec. 10)  In Ohio, one William Semple patented chewing gum (Dec. 28)
Kappa Alpha Theta founded at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, first sorority (Jan. 27)  Ada Kepley graduated from law school, the first woman to do so (June 30)  James W Smith of South Carolina became the first black American to enter West Point (July 1) Dickinson Boat Club organized by Phi Kappa Psi	1870	J. D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil (Jan. 10)  Nikolai Lenin born (Apr. 22)  Henrich Schliemann began his excavations at Troy (Apr.)  Wagner's Die Walkure in Munich (June 25)  Georgia the last Confederate State readmitted to the Union (July 15)  The concept of Papal infallibility set at First Vatican Council (July 18)  Franco-Prussian War began (July 19); Prussian victory at Sedan (Sep. 2); Napoleon II deposed, Third Republic declared (Sep. 4)  Italy annexed Rome and Papal States (Oct. 2)  Dictionary of American Biography appeared
U.S. Army Cavalry School closed and moved to St. Louis from Carlisle	1871	The German Empire was proclaimed at Versailles (Jan. 18)  Royal Albert Hall opened in London. (Mar. 29)  Verdi's Aida debuted in Cairo (Apr. 24)  Under the Peace of Frankfurt, France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia (May 10)  Two French workers wrote and composed "L'Internationale" after Commune fell (June)  The Football Association Cup competition founded (July)  Japan adopted the yen (June 27)  Rasputin born in Siberia (July)  Toilet paper first sold on a roll (Aug. 26)  The Great Fire of Chicago (started Oct. 8)  H.M. Stanley found Doctor Livingstone in Africa (Nov. 10)  The National Rifle Association was incorporated in the U.S. (Nov. 24) George Eliot published Middlemarch. (Dec.)
Charlotte Ray, first African American female lawyer, graduated from Harvard University (Feb. 27) The Dickinsonian first appeared, as a monthly issued by Belles Lettres and Union Philosophical Societies	1872	The Metropolitan Museum of Art opened in New York City (Feb. 20)  Yellowstone became the first United States national park (Mar. 1)  Guiseppe Mazzini died (Mar. 10)  UK settled the Alabama claims (Sep. 14)  Bloomingdale's opened in NY (Oct. 3)  U.S. Grant re-elected in U.S (Nov. 5)  The first international soccer match played near Glasgow - Scotland vs England (Nov. 30)  Military conscription introduced to Japan; also baseball  Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days  Whistler finished The Artist's Mother  Carlist Civil War in Spain
Frances Willard named president of Northwestern Female College the first woman to be so appointed at an American college (June 25)	1873	Napoleon III died in exile in England (Jan. 9)  2nd Republic proclaimed in Spain (Feb. 11)  Enrico Caruso born (Feb. 25)  Jesse James robbed his first train (July 21)  Cable Cars began regular operation in the city of San Francisco (Sep. 6)  New York Stock Exchange panic (Sep. 20)  US football adopted uniform rules (Oct. 19)  Tennis introduced by Major Wingfield at a Christmas party in Wales (Dec.)  Herbert Spencer completed Studies in Sociology  Color photographs first developed  Famine in Bengal lasting several years
Purdue University admitted its first student (Mar. 10)  Patrick F.  Healy was inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, the first African American to hold that post at a mostly white university (July 31)	1874	New York City annexed the Bronx (Jan. 1)  Harry Houdini born in Budapest (Mar. 25)  Robert Frost born in San Francisco (Mar. 26)  First Impressionist Exhibition in Paris (Apr. 15)  Levi Strauss' "blue jeans" went on sale (May 20)  Philadelphia Zoo first in America (July 1)  Britain annexed Fiji Islands (Oct. 10)  Joseph Glidden patented barbed wire (Nov. 24)  SPCC founded in New York (Dec. 15)  Winston Churchill born (Nov. 30)  Thomas Hardy's Far From the Madding Crowd
	1875	Albert Schweitzer born (Jan. 14)  D.W. Griffiths born in Kentucky (Jan. 22)  Fritz Kreisler  born in Vienna (Feb. 2)  Bizet's Carmen opens in Paris (Mar. 3)  First Kentucky Derby ran (May 17)  James A. Healey became first Black Catholic Bishop in US (June 2)  Mark Twain completed The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (July)  Gen. George Pickett died in Virginia (July 30)  Bosnia & Herzegovina rose against Turks (Aug.)  Captain Webb became first person to swim English Channel (Aug. 25)
The first intercollegiate track meet held in Saratoga, NY.  Teams from Bowdoin, City College, Columbia, Dartmouth, Penn State, Princeton, Williams, Wesleyan, Yale competed (July 20)  John Hopkins University opened (Oct. 3)  Edward Bouchet of Yale became the Afro-American to earn the Ph.D. in an American university (Nov. 7)	1876	Korea recognized as a  nation (Feb. 27)  Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, making the first call (Mar. 10)  Custer's defeat at Little Big Horn (June 25)  George W. Bradley of St. Louis pitched the first recorded no-hitter in baseball against Hartford (July 15)   Serbia & Montenegro war with Turkey (July 18)  "Wild Bill" Hickok was killed (Aug. 2)  First complete performance of Wagner's Ring took place at Bayreuth (Aug. 17)  U.S. election between Democrat Tilden and Republican Hayes disputed and undecided (Nov. 7)  Pablo Casals born near Barcelona (Dec. 29)
Henry O. Flipper became first  black graduate at West Point (June 15)	1877	U.S. Weather Service established (Feb. 9)  The end of  U.S. Reconstruction. A deal with Southern Democratic leaders (Mar. 2) made Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) the 19th President, in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South (Apr. 10) and the end of federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African Americans.  Russia went  war with Turkey and invaded the Balkans (Mar.)  Portofiro Diaz became President of Mexico (July)  First Wimbledon Tennis Championships (July 19)  US federal troops first used to combat strikers in railway strike, nine strikers killed (July 20)  Brigham Young died (Aug. 29)  Crazy Horse killed in prison (Sep. 5)  Washington Post first published (Dec. 6)
Yale News became first college daily paper (Jan. 28)	1878	Carl Sandburg born in Illinois (Jan. 6)  David Hughes invented the microphone (Jan.)  Pope Pius IX died after more than 30 years as Pope, a record then (Feb. 7)  Thomas Edison patented the phonograph (Feb. 18)   First Easter egg roll at White House (Apr. 9)  Gilbert & Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore first opened in London (May 25)  American Bar Association organized (Aug. 21)  Pressure from Britain ended Russian -Turkish fighting;  a Congress Berlin formulated a new treaty (Sep. 13)  Shigeru Yoshida born in Japan (Sep. 22)  Edison Electric Light Company incorporated in New York City (Oct. 15)  Carlos Saavedra Lamas born Argentina (Nov. 1)  Pope Leo XIII's encyclical on socialism (Dec. 28)
Young Man's Christian Association appeared on campus  A course in military training instituted under Lt. E.T.C. Richmond on detached duty from the Army  Carlisle Indian School founded	1879	British Zulu War in Natal began (Jan. 12)  First artificial ice rink in North America opened at Madison Square Garden (February 12)  Albert Einstein born (Mar. 14)  William Lloyd Garrison died (May 24)  Ottorino Respighi born in Bologna (July 9)  Edison perfected the incandescent light (Oct. 21)  Leon Trotsky born (Oct. 26)  Joseph Stalin born (Dec. 21)  Sri Ramana Maharshi born (Dec. 30)  The cash register patented in the United States  Ibsen's A Doll's House completed  Henry George's Progress and Poverty published  Australian frozen meat went on sale in London
	1880	Douglas MacArthur born (Jan. 26) The Salvation Army appeared in the U.S. (Mar.)  Helen Keller born in Alabama (June 27)   Telephones installed in White House (Dec. 1)  Broadway in New York lit by electricity (Dec. 20)  New York's Broadway lit by electricity (Dec. 21)  Chile declares war on Bolivia and Peru Lew Wallace's Ben Hur published  Rodin's The Thinker completed  Bingo developed  France annexed Tahiti
Carlisle Daily Evening Sentinel launched (Dec. 13) A second College Boat Club organized by Beta Theta Pi  Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute Metzger College for Young Ladies built on North Hanover Street	1881	Anna Pavlova born (Feb. 12)  James Garfield inaugurated as 20th U.S. President; shot in Washington (July 2) and died in New Jersey (Sep. 19) ; Vice President Chester Arthur became 21st President "Billy the Kid" killed near Ft. Sumner, New Mexico Territory (July 15)  "Gunfight at the OK Corral" in Tombstone, Arizona (Oct. 26)  The American Federation of Labor founded in Pittsburgh (Nov. 15)  First Anglo-Boer War ended in Boer victory  Kemal Ataturk born  Henry James published Portrait of a Lady  The "Black Cat" opened in Paris, first cabaret
	1882	Incandescent electric light came to London streets (Jan. 12)  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow died (Jan. 24)  In Germany, Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus (Jan. 24)  Virginia Wolfe born in London (Jan. 25)  Serial publication of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island in Young Folks Magazine was completed in London (Jan. 28) Franklin Delano Roosevelt born (Jan. 30)  James Joyce born (Feb. 2)  The first cargo of frozen meat left New Zealand for London on the S.S. Dunedin (Feb. 15)  United States joined the Red Cross and the Geneva convention (Mar. 16)  In Berlin, Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus (Mar. 24)  Robert Ford shot Jesse James (Apr. 3)  Charles Darwin died at 73 (Apr. 19)  U.S. banned immigration from China for ten years over a presidential veto (May 6)  Triple Alliance between Italy, Austria, Germany was formed (May) Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture premiered in Moscow (Aug. 20)  Hague Convention adopted three mile territorial waters limit Hiram Maxim patented the recoil operated machine gun
The University of Texas at Austin opened (Sep. 15)	1883	French gained control of Tunis Richard Wagner died (Feb. 12)  Karl Marx died in London (Mar. 14) Brooklyn Bridge opened (May 24) Walter Gropius born in Berlin (May 18)  John  Maynard Keynes born  - on Adam Smith's birthday (June 5)  The Orient Express made its first run (June 5) Franz Kafka born (July 3)  Benito Mussolini born (July 29)  The Krakatoa volcanic explosion killed more than 36,000 people on Java (Aug. 27)  Metropolitan Opera House opened in NY (Oct. 21)  Sojourner Truth died in Michigan (Nov. 26) Buffalo Bill Cody opened his "Wild West Show"  Nietzsche published Thus Spake Zarathustra
	1884	Germany occupied South-West Africa  Gold discovered in the Transvaal  Berlin Conference on Africa held  Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn completed  Oxford English Dictionary began  publication  Sir Charles Parsons invented the steam turbine engine  "Le Matin" began  publication in Paris  World Standard Time established (Mar. 13)  Five year "War of the Pacific" between Chile and Peru ended in Chilean victory (Apr. 4)  Harry Truman born in Lamar, Missouri (May 9)   Eleanor Roosevelt born in New York (Oct. 11)
	1885	The first successful appendectomy was performed, in Iowa. (Jan. 4)  General Gordon killed at Khartoum (Jan. 26)  Huckleberry Finn published (Feb. 18)  Grover Cleveland sworn in as 22nd U.S. President (Mar.)  Gilbert & Sullivan's Mikado opened (Mar. 14)  Washington Monument dedicated (Apr. 21)  Emile Zola published his Germinal  Louis Pasteur tested his rabies vaccine (July 6)  The Wall Street Journal first appeared (July 8)  U.S. Grant died of throat cancer (July 23)  George Eastman developed coated photo paper  John M. Fox introduced golf to the United States
E. H. Garrison died in the evening following the Dickinson v. Swathmore football game in which he received  injuries	1886	Canadian Pacific Railway completed (Jan. 3) First practical phonograph patented (May 4)  Coca-Cola sold for first time in Atlanta (May 8)  Emily Dickinson died (May 15) Leopold von Ranke died (May 23) Franz Liszt died (July 31) David Ben Gurion born (Oct. 16) The Statue of Liberty dedicated (Oct. 28)  American Federation of Labor founded (Dec 8) Ty Cobb born in Georgia (Dec. 18) First Indian Congress met  Mad King Ludwig II of Bavaria dies Frances H. Burnett's  Little Lord Fauntleroy  R. Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis
First US school of librarianship opened at Columbia University (Jan. 5)	1887	Susanna Medora Salter elected first female mayor in US in Argonia, Kansas (Apr. 4)  Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee (June 21)  Marc Chagall born at Vitebsk in Russia (July 7) L.L. Zamenhof invented "Esperanto" (July)  Chiang Kai-Shek born (Oct. 31)  Jenny Lind died (Nov. 2)  Marianne Moore and Georgia O'Keefe were both born (Nov. 15)  Arthur Conan-Doyle published first Holmes story - "Study in Scarlet" (Dec. 1)  Charles Dickens gave his first public reading in U.S., in New York City (Dec. 2) H. W. Goodwin invented celluloid film
Riot on Halloween night between students, faculty, and town firemen  Jim Thorpe born  Carlisle got electric lighting	1888	National Geographic Society formed in Washington  D.C. (Jan. 27)  Irving Berlin born in Temum, Russia (May 11)  All slaves in Brazil freed (May 13)  Jesse James killed in Missouri (Apr. 3) T.S. Eliot born (Sep. 26) Dale Carnegie born (Nov. 24) Three German Emperors - William I died in Mar., his son Frederick III died of cancer in June and William III became "Kaiser"  Rimsky-Korsakov's Sheherazade debuted  "Jack the Ripper" murdered six women in East London.  J.B. Dunlop invented the pneumatic tire  Eastman marketed his "Kodak" box camera  Van Gogh Sunflowers
George Edward Reed elected president of the College  Catholic University opened in Washington D.C.	1889	Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf committed suicide with Baroness Vetsera (Jan. 30)  Oklahoma opened to white settlement (Feb.)  In the US, Benjamin Harrison was sworn in as the 23rd President (Mar. 4)  Alexander Eiffel built his 1,056 foot tower in Paris; opened (Mar. 31)  Charles Chaplin born in London (Apr. 16)  Adolph Hitler born in Austria (Apr. 20)  Wall Street Journal first published (July 8)  Jorge Luís Borges was born (Aug. 24)  The Moulin Rouge opened in Paris (Oct. 6)  Montana became 41st U.S. state (Nov. 8)  Brazil became a republic (Nov. 15)  First ‘Nickel-in-the-Slot’ (jukebox)  in service at Palais Royal Saloon in San Francisco (Nov. 23)
Dickinson School of Law opens with William Trickett as its first Dean (Sep.)  The Microcosm, after a confused, limited, and fractured past since 1868, is published again, this time by the Junior class, and entered into its present unbroken annual existence  Reed moved the President's living area from East Hall to the former home of Judge John Reed on the corner of High and West Streets  Judge Biddle donated land in the open lots between High and Louther Streets for use as athletic fields	1890	William II dismissed Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor (Mar. 20)  Oscar Wilde published Picture of Dorian Gray in  Lippencott's Magazine (Summer)  First general election in Japan (July 1)  Idaho became 43th US State (July 3)  Wyoming became U.S. state (July 10)   Casey Stengel born (July 30)  First person executed by electricity, in New York, for murder - William Kemmeler  (Aug. 6)  The Daughters of the American Revolution was founded (Aug. 8)   Yosemite National Park created (Sep. 25)  Groucho Marx born in Manhattan (Oct. 2)  Dwight Eisenhower born in Kansas (Oct. 14)  Borodin’s opera "Prince Igor" premiered, in St. Petersburg (Oct. 23)  Charles de Gaulle born in Lille (Nov. 22)  First Army Navy football game  (Nov. 29)  "Battle" of Wounded Knee (Dec. 29)
John Lindner founded his shoe company and built a $35,000 factory building on West Louther	1891	Antonio Gramsci born in Italy (Jan. 23)  Mahler's First Symphony debuted (Feb. 24)  P.T. Barnum died aged 88 (Apr. 7)  Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev born (Apr. 22)  Carnegie Hall held its first concert ; the guest conductor was Peter Tchaikovsky (May 5) Triple Alliance extended for twelve years (May)  Trans-Siberian railroad begun (May 31)  Gaughin arrived in Papeete, Tahiti (June 9)  American Express Company patented travelers' checks (July 7)  Herman Melville died (Sep. 28)  Henry Miller was born (Dec. 26) Young Turk movement founded in Geneva
First college student government established at Bryn Mawr (Feb. 23)  New Mexico State University canceled its first ever graduation ceremony since its only graduate, Sam Steele, had been robbed and murdered the previous night (Mar. 10) Dickinson acquired Allison Memorial Church for $40,000 (Mar.) University of Chicago opened (Oct. 1)	1892	Ellis Island opened (Jan. 1) The first basketball game played (Jan. 20) Ryunosuke Akutagawa born in Japan (Mar. 1)   Walt Whitman died (Mar. 26)   The Sierra Club founded by John Muir (May 28)  Homer Plessy refuse to go to segregated rail car and set off  Plessy v Ferguson (June 8)  Mae West born in Brooklyn (Aug. 17) Tennyson died aged 83 (Oct. 6) Francisco Franco born in Spain (Dec. 4) Prince Ito became Prime Minister of Japan  Kipling's Barrack Room Ballads published Toulous-Latrec completed At the Moulin Rouge  Canned pineapple became available for first time
Class Dean System put into effect - its purpose was to have deans oversee affairs while the president was away  Denny family released property for the construction of Denny Hall	1893	Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar (Jan. 1)  Andreas Segovia born in Spain (Feb. 21)  Grover Cleveland inaugurated as U.S. President (Mar. 4) Chicago's Columbian  Exhibition opened (May 1)  Vladimir Mayakovsky born in Georgia (July 7)  Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his "Deisel" internal combustion engine (Aug. 10)  Women in New Zealand win vote (Sep. 18)  Tchaikovsky's "Pathetique" debuted (Oct. 28) Antonin Dvorak's New World Symphony (5th) premiered (Dec. 16) Mao Zhedong born in Hunan (Dec. 26) Second Irish Home Rule Bill rejected in Lords Karl Benz constructed his first four wheel car; Henry Ford built his first car in Detroit
First college basketball game, University of Chicago beat Chicago YMCA 19-11 (Jan. 27)	1894	Oswaldo Aranha born in Brazil (Feb. 15)   Lajos Kossuth died (Mar. 20)  Coxey's Army marched on Washington (Apr. 29)  Nikita Khrushchev born (Apr. 17)  In US, Pullman Rail Strike begins (May 11) Baron de Courbetin organized committee to explore the return of the Olympic Games (June) Japan & UK sign Aoki-Kimberley Treaty (July)  Jean Renoir born in France (Sep. 15)  Japan defeated China at Ping Yang (Sep. 15) Captain Alfred Dreyfus arrested in Paris as a spy (Oct. 15) Louis Lumiere invented the cinematograph  Edison opened his Kinetoscope Parlor, in N.Y.  G.B. Shaw's play Arms and the Man opened  Kipling's Jungle Book published  Debussy L'Apres-midi d'un Faune debuted
Electric Trolley service in Carlisle (Sep. 14) Eight students sent home because of issues involving hazing, student complaint was high at this time	1895	Dreyfus convicted of treason (Jan. 5)  King Gillette invented safety razor (Jan. 22)  H.G. Wells' Time Machine began to appear in The New Review, in  four parts (Jan.)  Babe Ruth born in Baltimore (Feb. 6)  Frederick Douglass died (Feb. 20)  Bizet's "Carmen" premiered in Paris (Mar. 3)  Oscar Wilde’s The Important of Being Earnest opened in London (Feb. 14)  Japan defeated Chinese; end of war (Apr. 19)  Sigmund Freud, with Josef Breue,  published Studien uber Hysterie (May)  First U.S. patent for a gasoline powered car Charles Duryea of Springfield, Mass. (June 11)  Katherine L. Bates, Wellesley College professor, published poem "America the Beautiful" (July 4)  Marconi invented radio telegraphy (Sep.)  First traffic tickets issued for motoring offense in Britain (Oct. 17)  Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays (Nov. 8)  Cuban war of independence began against Spain Konstantin Isiolkovski developed the theory of rocket propulsion
Harman Literary Society for women founded (Oct. 21) Raven's Claw Senior Men's Honor Society founded  Lloyd Hall was acquired for use by female students  Professor Himes resigned as Senior Professor  James H. Morgan was appointed Dean of the College  Denny Hall was completed	1896	Ethiopians defeated Italians at Adowa (Mar. 2)  The soft drink Coca-Cola first went on sale, as a "brain tonic" - it was green (Mar. 29)  1st Modern Olympics opened in Athens (Apr. 6)  Puccini's La Boheme opened in Venice (May 6)  In US, Plessy v. Ferguson verdict (May 18)  Dow Jones published its first average (May 26)  Harriet Beecher Stowe died in Hartford (July 1)  Klondike Gold Rush began (Aug.)  William Morris died in Hammersmith (Oct. 3)  Chekov's Sea Gull premiered (Oct. 19)  William McKinley elected U.S. President (Nov. 3)  Alfred Nobel died (Dec. 10); his will  established the Nobel Prizes  Jameson Raid failed in South Africa (Dec.)
First football game between black colleges - Atlanta College 10, Tuskegee Institute 0 (Jan. 1) John Dewey's essay "My Pedagogic Creed" appeared in the School Journal (Jan. 16) Letter Grade System was introduced, replacing the previous system which relied on professor comments	1897	William McKinley sworn as 25th U.S. President (Mar. 4) Irish Music Festival first held, Dublin (May 18)  Jewish newspaper Forward began publishing in New York City (May 22)  Tate Gallery in London opened (July 21)  Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland (Aug. 29)  NY Sun ran its famous "Yes, Virginia there is a Santa Claus," editorial (Sep. 21) First recorded traffic death in UK (Sep. 23)  William Faulkner born in Mississippi (Sept. 25) "Katzenjammer Kids"  America's first comic strip, begun by Rudolph Dirks (Dec. 12)  Russia occupied Port Arthur (Dec. 15)
	1898	France torn when Zola published his "J'Accuse" to claim Dreyfus Case cover-up (Jan. 13)  Sergei Eisenstein born in Russia (Jan. 23)  U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana (Feb. 15)  Enzo Ferrari born in Modena (Feb. 18)  Paul Robeson born in Philadelphia (Apr. 9)  Gladstone died at Hawarden (May 19)  James' Turn of the Screw published (May 22)  Golda Meir born in Kiev (June 3)  Willy Messerschmitt born in Germany (June 26)  US annexed Hawaii (July 7)  Otto von Bismarck died (July 30)  Marie & Pierre Curie discovered radium (July)  In Japan, Kiyoshi Shiga discovered the  dysentery bacillus (Aug. 9) U.S. warred with Spain and won a swift victory between May 21 and end of fighting (Aug. 12) British victory at Omdurman in Sudan (Sep. 2)  Herbert Marcuse born in Berlin (Sep. 19)  Chinese Dowager Empress Ci Xi imprisoned Emperor Guang Xu after his attempted "100 Days of Reform" (Sep. 21)
Telephones introduced in Carlisle (Dec.) A Biology Department was started under the leadership of Henry Matthews Stephens (a member of the Class of 1892)  Carlisle Opera House showed first single story "movie" - "The Passion Play" in Carlisle	1899	Humphrey Bogart born (Jan. 23)  Revolt against US began in Philippines (Feb. 4) Dewey published School and Society (Feb.) Gabriela Mistral born in Chile (Apr. 7)  Duke Ellington born (Apr. 29)  Fred Astaire born in Omaha, Nebraska (May 10)  Elgar's Enigma Variations premiered (June 19)  Alfred Hitchcock born in London (Aug. 13)  Jorge Luis Borges born in Argentina (Aug. 24) Alfred Dreyfus won new trial and a presidential pardon in France (Aug.)  Anglo-Boer War broke out in S. Africa (Oct. 11)
Leon Prince was appointed as the first Librarian of Dickinson's Library  Chester Ames was appointed as Dickinson's first Registrar Cumberland County had 50,344 people	1900	Puccini's Tosca opened in Rome (Jan. 14)  Kurt Weill born in Dessau, Germany (Mar. 2)  Spencer Tracy born (Apr. 5)  Boxer Rebellion in China (June - Aug.)  Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim completed (July)  First trial flight of the Zeppelin airship (July 2)  Louis Armstrong born (July 4)  Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother was born in Scotland (Aug. 4)  Galveston hit with a hurricane which killed 6000 people (Aug. 27)  Commonwealth of Australia created (Sep. 17)  Planck formulated quantum theory (Nov.)  Oscar Wilde died in Paris (Nov. 30)  After the setbacks of 1899, British largely won victory in South Africa