A Youth in the Wild:
Charles Francis
Himes in Kansas Territory
by LeAnn Fawver
After
graduating from Dickinson College in 1855, and briefly teaching school
in Pennsylvania, Charles Francis Himes ventured Westward. Charles
Himes traveled through Ohio on his way to Chicago, Illinois. In Ohio
he found the new homes to exactly fit his taste, “pleasing to the eye”
despite the “monotonous scenery.” Himes was also impressed with the
successful speculation of his good friend Martin Deal. In a letter to his
mother on September 29th, 1856, Charles admitted that Mr. Deal had offered
to set him up in some business, but that he wanted farther west.
His hopes were openly pinned on Kansas or Nebraska Territory, dependent
on the results of the upcoming election. If Fremont, the Republican
candidate in 1854 and again in 1858, had claimed the presidency, Himes
intended to make for Kansas. In case of a Republican failure, Charles
was prepared to settle for Nebraska. But he wrote, “I take it for
granted Fremont is to be the next President.”1
Himes did
indeed venture further West, but not immediately for Kansas. During
the autumn and winter of 1856-57, Charles Himes taught school in Illinois,
an experience from which he would judge all later travels in the Western
United States.
While
Himes was still completing his Bachelor’s degree at Dickinson College,
larger events were occurring. In 1854, the United States Congress
passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which organized the two respective territories.
This was done for a variety of reasons, partially because settlers were
already ‘squatting’ in both territories and also to open the route for
a transcontinental railroad across the middle of America. As an added
bonus, the Kansas-Nebraska Act would also be the testing grounds for a
popular sovereignty.
All
previous Western Territories had the issue of slave state or free state
decided for them by act of Congress. This created a string of compromises
such as the Missouri Compromise that prevented the spread of slavery north
of latitude 36o, 30’. In the process, a delicate balance
was created and maintained between the slave states and the free states.
A rough power equality between the two parts of the United States ensured
the survival of the nation and the institution of slavery.
But
the new doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, introduced by Stephen Douglas
in his famous debates with Abraham Lincoln, overturned all previous compromises
made by Congress. Instead the issue of whether to be a slave state
or a free state would be decided upon by the citizens of Kansas and Nebraska
Territories. Whichever side achieved a majority before the territories
gained enough population for statehood would determine not only the futures
of the territories, but also of the balance of political power in the United
States Congress.
Southern
settlers easily flooded Kansas Territory with slaves in tow. Other
southerners took advantage of the fresh territory to expand their opportunities
and possibly to enhance their social standing. Northern groups, among
them the Abolitionists, were not to outdone. They formed emigrant
aid societies to recruit and support settlers. Both groups indulged
in truly vicious politics. When the vicious politics between pro-slave
and pro-free turned into open violence, the Northern emigrant aid societies
shipped special ‘supplies’ to Kansas Territory. Laws prohibited the
transport of arms and ammunition into the troubled territory. To
escape this prohibition, emigrant aid societies disassembled the riffles,
“…breeches were packed in one box, the barrels in another and the triggers
were sent around…therefore they were not protected by the Constitution.”2
The parts were then packed into boxes labeled as Bibles. Both sides
of the conflict soon used the euphemism “Beecher’s Bibles” in recognition
of the heroine of the abolitionist cause. In the escalating violence,
the two competing groups destroyed whole towns. Adding to the confusion
and bloodshed, Missouri residents, called Border Ruffians, flooded across
the Kansas border to vote illegally in the territorial election.
The eyes of the nation focused on “Bleeding Kansas,” a prelude to the showdown
between free and slave.
By 1857,
the bloodshed and confusion had abated, somewhat, due to government intervention.
Settlers still entered the territory seeking opportunity. Land speculation
ran rampant. But although the open violence had declined, pro-slave
and pro-free still held one another in deep-seated animosity. Pro-slave
and pro-free had by this time established two separate governments, each
one claiming to be the legitimate government of the territory. Lecompton
housed the slave-state government, officially recognized by the Congress
of the United States. Meanwhile the free-state government met in
Topeka to pen its own constitution. A federally appointed territorial
governor desperately tried to maintain peace in Kansas.
Illinois
in 1856 had not met with Charles Francis Himes’ approval. He found
the people disagreeable. According to his 1857 journal, the people
in Illinois could not “…pass you without insulting you”. Added
to their poor manners, Himes found Illinois to be a poor country for a
traveler with a “lank purse.”3 Disappointed in Illinois
by both its inhabitants and its expense, bored with teaching, longing for
something exciting and profitable, Himes was convinced by a companion to
try for Kansas Territory.4
His
adventure began in January. Charles ventured from his ‘brick school
house’ in Illinois to Keokuk on foot over the frozen Mississippi River.
In the same January letter, Himes mentions a potential guide to investing,
one William Lynch.5 Stuck in Illinois by poor weather,
Charles affirms in a letter to his father that William Lynch is the only
man he trusts in regards to Kansas lands.6 A February
1857 letter from his father cleared the funds necessary for Charles Himes
to travel to Kansas with the intent to invest in land.7
Charles
Francis Himes’ travel journal takes up the story throughout the month of
March and into April of 1857. Himes traveled along the Mississippi, which
he described as “very monotonous and ... tedious,”8 to
Rocheport, then through Booneville and Glasgow, “quite flourishing places
on the Missouri.”9 From Glasgow Himes paid a livery
service to travel to Fayette, Missouri on March 8th, 1857. Charles
was then delayed again by foul weather.
For a few
days, Himes explored the towns of Fayette and Glasgow, visiting acquaintances
and school buildings. He was “well pleased” by a Mr. Pritchett’s
school for men. Himes also visited the female department of Howard
High School. There he attended a class in Ray’s Arithmetic Third
Part, led by Mr. Lucby at the female college. Charles Himes
considered the girls at this school to be “…the best drilled girls [he]
ever saw.”10 Neither town had a “a dram shop or
a place to get liquor” as a cure for the insufferable cold weather.11
His experiences
in Fayette with some of the 6,000 slaves in Howard County ‘mollified’ “any
prejudices [he] had to[wards] slavery…in a great degree by witnessing the
practical workings of the system.” On the evening of March 9, 1857,
Himes spoke with an unnamed group of citizens on the question of slavery.
According to Himes, the group was very moderate on the question of slavery
with “some admitting it [slavery] was a political curse to the white man.”12
March 13th
dawned with the arrival of a steamboat, The Morning Star at Glasgow.
For four dollars and fifteen cents, Himes bought his initial passage and
ten additional dollars to Kansas City. The “first thing [he] saw
was a table full of money with gamblers around.”13
Himes traveled by this crowded steamboat along the Missouri River to Brunswick,
Waverly and Thomas, past the ‘small place’ of Berlin and Lexington, then
finally to Wayne City.
During a brief
stop at Brunswick, the terrified Yankee passengers mistook an old boiler
lying on its side on the shore for a pro-slave cannon, perhaps in retaliation
for the “Beecher’s Bibles” of the abolitionists. After Lexington, an “old
Kentuckian” boarded the ship, and gave all aboard “a fine time on the slavery
question.” Later, a Kansas judge came on board. While
this judge spoke with a Virginian, he appeared cheerful on the prospects
of Kansas entering the union as a slave state. Apparently the official
government (pro-slave) had recently passed a law that would prohibit the
Free State men from gaining the necessary qualifications to vote until
after the November election. In between political discussions, passengers
played cards, and sang songs. The gambling on board ship disgusted Charles
Himes, who could not play cards “when [he saw] gambling going on.”
Charles Francis Himes lamented in his diary that steamboat travel “would
be grand” but for the lack of “good company.” He slept on the floor
until he managed to steal a cabin berth that was not much improvement on
the hard floor, but at least slightly warmer.14
In 1857 Wayne
City was a small landing “liable to wear and tear.” From there on
March 15th, Himes went to Kansas City and Westport. He spent the
15th and 16th dividing his time between these two cities.15
Not finding
William Lynch in Kansas City, Himes hired a hack to Westport. True to his
previous occupation, Charles visited the brick school building. There
he met with Mr. Tom Johnson of the Mission Schools, whose lack of courtesy
Himes’ attributed to a suspicion that Charles was a "free stater."
Mr. Johnson said they were of a National Party “because that [pro-slavery]
was sectional.” Johnson supported the federally appointed Governor
Geary for doing as well as any man could under the divided circumstances
of Kansas Territory. For all his political views, Mr. Johnson did
suggest Council Grove as a likely spot for speculation as “…they are just
laying out a town.”16
Of the town of Westport, Charles
Himes found it to be “…a fine large town…” with a “…very lively general
stage depot…” that connected the town “…to all parts of the territory.”
Many emigrants passed through Westport. It was in the words of Charles
Francis Himes, the “most business looking town [he] saw”. Adding to the
local flavor, during his return trip to Kansas City, Himes saw “some pretty
squaws”. He would also see “real live wild Indians” in Kansas
City proper. They appeared to Himes as “a mean squalid filthy
looking set.”17
According
to Himes, Kansas City was “a largely laid out place…finely situated about
1 7/8 miles from the mouth of the Kansas River.” Furthermore, “it
is built on very rough ground,” but possessed a levee which Charles thought
to be permanent. There was only one rooming house fit for Charles
Francis Himes, the America House kept by the Chiles. Better residences
were located on the outskirts of the city. The interior had many
scattered buildings, and lots with already inflated prices. Himes
wrote of on March 16th, 1857, that he felt “…like going to Missouri and
setting down to teaching, leaving this hum bug country.”18
Anxious to
meet with Lynch and begin his land speculation or simply to leave Kansas
Territory, Charles Himes boarded a steamboat again (this time the Cataract)
to Leavenworth, thirty-six miles away, on March 17th, 1857.
During the trip Himes saw Lieutenant Governor Roberts and Governor Robinson
of the pro-free government. The Cataract passed Parckville, where the press
was thrown in the river during the violence. That night the weather
was “very, very cold.” The steamboat ran out of wood and coal, and
all the fires on board extinguished from lack of fuel. To restart
the boat and prevent frostbite, the crew had to salvage wood from a fence.
The poor living conditions and bad weather contributed to Himes catching
“a very heavy and alarming cold.”19 Finally arriving at
Leavenworth, the steamer was met at the docks by a “great crowd.”
Two hundred and forty passengers joined the throng, including Charles Himes.
After enduring such a passage, Himes as no doubt disappointed when he failed
to find his prospective partner in Leavenworth. William Lynch had
left for the interior several days before Himes’ arrival.20
Leavenworth was a bustling town.
Many of the buildings were “transient wooden affairs to do business in.”
Himes decided against investing in Leavenworth, for a sediment bar was
forming at the landing that “may become a serious obstruction to trade.”
While in Leavenworth an acquaintance named Ralston informed Himes that
the Topeka (Free) convention had resolved not to vote in the upcoming election,
thereby undermining the Slave Government’s ability to claim popular sovereignty.21
Himes returned
to the search for William Lynch; he traveled to Weston by road with a Mr.
Ward, Barker, Bealle and company. Together they pushed on through
muddy roads on March 19th to St. Joseph, Missouri. The poor roads
forced the intrepid travelers to take lodging for the night a mere five
miles from their destination.
St. Joseph
was “a fine growing place of about five thousand people.” It was
situated on a bluff, and surrounded by “very good land, especially for
hemp,” used in the production of rope. The town expected a railroad
from Hanibal, Missouri to be completed in a year. Consequently this
boomtown had lots for sale for two hundred dollars per square foot.
Before starting on the road, Himes visited “several academies.”22
Himes
and a companion named Robinson hired a hack and started for Fillmore, then
to Savanna.23 In Savanna, Himes met a mutual acquaintance
of Israel Deal, in California. Through talking with this gentleman
Charles Himes admits to his diary, that he “got slightly touched with California
fever.” By Saturday, the 21st, Himes was on the move again.
He stopped again at Fillmore with the intent to rest for a week.
There a Mr. McCauley, the district schoolteacher, gave Himes “a woeful
account of his winter’s trials.” Rain further delayed him.
On April 4th, Charles and another friend tried for St. Joseph on a "whim."24
To accomplish
their trip, the two desperately sought some means of transportation.
Finally they succeeded in hiring a horse and a mule. Charles kind
friend allowed him to take the horse, and no amount of persuasion would
change his friend’s determination to ride the mule. The pair set
off at eleven o’clock, having dubbed their trusty mounts, Dapple (the mule)
and Rosinante (the horse) after the mounts in Don Quixote. Unbeknownst
to Himes and friend at the time, their ‘apparently gentle’ mule had thrown
a boy twice. Neither animal would move faster than the slowest walk
unless constantly prodded by their riders, and would stop completely should
any other animal pass by them on the road to the "mirth of many" other
travelers.
Their
stubborn mounts also feared the many large mud puddles in the road, fearing
that they were traps of some sort. At one point on the road, Charles
reports that they had to force their mounts in to the mud, which reach
to the belly of Charles’ horse. About four and half outside of Savanna,
Himes found himself five paces ahead of Dapple, the mule, when he heard
a bizarre noise, which Charles describes, “such as a whale is accustomed
to make when it finds itself suspended in mid air by hook and line.”
Dapple started to buck with the intention of ridding himself of the cumbersome
human in the saddle. Himes barely controlled his own mount, and holding
tight to the harness, leapt off the horse. Meanwhile the mule “scampered
past...with the saddle on his heels.” This was too much for the startled
horse that shook its reins lose from Himes and ran with his fellow escaped
mount. Charles Himes and friend were left in the animals’ dust, to
gather their “scattered paraphernalia and [chase] the animals over the
plain, amid the underbrush, through the forest, and finally into a stable”
of one Mr. Pixler.25 Mr. Pixler provided entertainment
and dinner for the tired young men, but would not go near the mule.
Nor would Mr. Pixler allow any of his stable boys near it. Himes
and friend were forced to care for the stubborn animal themselves.
They prudently chose to walk to Savanna that night.
However
the next day, Himes and friend again tried their luck with the mule and
horse pair. Himes’ horse was restless. Apparently he was so
occupied with his own mount that he did not notice his friend’s absence
until arriving for dinner in Fillmore. Charles ran to find his missing
friend. Half a mile outside of Fillmore, Charles’ friend was again
pitched from his mule, which then tried to return to Savanna!26
(After this amazing tale, the journal becomes illegible.)
After
his adventures in Kansas Territory, Himes ventured to Missouri. In
a letter to his father written on May 10, 1857, that he had waited for
news from home before starting for something in the “Purchase.” However
his delay, coupled with foul-traveling weather stopped his aspirations
in that direction. Himes also admitted his failure to catch William
Lynch, a friend who had promised to aid his efforts towards land speculation.
To reassure his father, Himes predicted that Kansas land prices would drop
in the autumn and that he would buy then, perhaps even lay out a town in
Southern Kansas Territory.27 By June 7th,
Himes and another partner had purchased some land in Missouri instead of
Kansas. In order to make use of himself in the meantime, Himes took
work as a schoolteacher in St. Joseph.28
Despite
his desire to head further West, Charles Himes was torn by conflicting
desires. A letter of August 12th sought advice from his father.
Should Charles venture further West, farther from the heart of his family?
Or should give up the young man’s folly of the West and return to the East?
Wherever Himes decided to go, what then should he do with his life?
Is the study of law or the start of a business better suited to a man such
as Charles Francis Himes?29 Earlier letters from
home offered no solutions. William Himes wrote to his son in May
1857. He begged his son to “engage in something permanent or come
home”, claiming that his sons’ much traveling about worried him.
The elder Himes continued, in the letter, to warn his son against the dangers
of speculation.30
Himes’
prediction of a fall in land prices came true during the month of September
1857, but differently than he imaged. His acquaintance, William Lynch,
was apparently caught in the fall of Kansas land prices in early September.31
By mid-October, a complete Panic had reached Missouri land speculators.
He reported in a letter to his sister, Helen, that there had not yet been
any sales or bank failures. However bank bills were no longer acceptable
as cash! Cheering the expulsion of ‘paper towns’ from the territory
of Kansas, Himes predicted confidence to return soon.32
Two weeks later October 23 found Charles Himes closing his school for the
harvest season while the Panic continued. Himes, perhaps only to
reassure his sister, insisted that his town lots were safe. But he
does admit that his partner was panicking.33
Ironically
this same letter contains news of his intent to return home to New Oxford.
A November 2nd letter, again to Helen, describes his planned route home.34
For all the problems Charles Francis Himes endured in the West, he admitted
in his letter that he almost stayed. Another school had offered him
a position, and he had “hoped to accomplish something” in the West.
Instead Charles Francis Himes returned to the East, and a position teaching
school which his father had found for the young traveler.
After returning
to the East, Charles Francis Himes briefly taught school at a female college
in Baltimore, Maryland. Himes later became a science professor, which
eventually took him back to Dickinson College. Charles Himes revolutionized
the teaching of science in a liberal arts school by instituting a system
of laboratory work. Under his leadership, science became a major
component of a Liberal Arts Education.
Charles Himes
ventured West along with millions of other Americans. But he was not alone
in the decision to return to the East. Why Charles Himes decided
to return to the East is unclear. Was he unhappy surrounded by the
conflict over slavery? Did the Land Speculation Panic destroy his
hopes of profit, or did his father refuse to sponsor further unstable investments?
Unfortunately, the reason will remain unclear until further research has
been made into the Western Travels of Charles Francis Himes.
1 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to Magdalen Lanius Himes, September 29, 1856. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
2 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 2. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
3 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 1. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
4 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, January 13 and February 9, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
5 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, January 13, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
6 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, February 9, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
7 Himes, William Daniel, Letter to Charles Francis Himes, February 11 and 21, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
8 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 1. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
9 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 1. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
10 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 1. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
11 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 2. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
12 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 1. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
13 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 2. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
14 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 3. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
15 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 2. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
16 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 2. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
17 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 4. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
18 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 4. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
19 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 4. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
20 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 5. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
21 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 5. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
22 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 5. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
23 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 5. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
24 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 6. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
25 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 6. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
26 Himes, Charles Francis, Diary 1857 (transcript), 7. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
27 Himes, Charles Francis. Letter to William Daniel Himes, May 10, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
28 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, June 1, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
29 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, August 12, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
30 Himes, William Daniel, Letter to Charles Francis Himes, May 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
31 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to William Daniel Himes, September 9, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
32 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to Helen Anna Himes, October 14, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
33 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to Helen Anna Himes, October 23, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
34 Himes, Charles Francis, Letter to Helen Anna Himes, November 2, 1857. Found in the Charles Francis Himes Family Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Sources
Primary Sources:
Himes, Charles Francis.Diary 1857 (transcript).Himes, William Daniel.
Letter to Helen Anna Himes,
October 14, 1857.
October 23, 1857.
November 2, 1857.
Letter to Magdalen Lanius Himes, September 29, 1856.
Letter to William Daniel Himes,
January 13, 1857.
February 9, 1857.
May 10, 1857.
June 1, 1857.
August 12, 1857.
Spetember 9, 1857.Letter to Charles Francis Himes, February 11, 1857.
Letter to Charles Francis Himes, February 21, 1857.
Letter to Charles Francis Himes, May 1857.
Found in the Archives and
Special Collections, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Secondary Sources:
Nash, Gary B. and Julie Roy Jeffrey, eds. The American People:
Creating a Nation and a Society I. Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc. New York: 1998.
SenGupta, Gunja. For God and Mammon: Evangelicals and
Entrepreneurs, Masters and Slaves in Territorial Kansas,
1854-1860. The University of Georgia Press. London: 1996.
Gihon, John H. Geary and Kansas: Governor Geary’s Administration
in Kansas. J. H. C. Whiting. Philadelphia: 1857.
Hale, Edward E. Kanzas and Nebraska. Phillips, Sampson and
Company. Boston: 1854.