Number 13 © 2000 Dickinson College. All rights reserved

Notes to

Benjamin Rush and Women's Education: A Revolutionary's Disappointment, A Nation's Achievement

¹Benjamin Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, Accommodated to the Present State of Society, Manners, and Government, in the United States of America, Addressed to the Visitors of the Young Ladies' Academy in Philadelphia, 28th July, 1787, at the Close of the Quarterly Examination (Philadelphia, 1787), 20.

²Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York, 1976), 75.

³Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800, rev. ed. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1996), 259; Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 191, 203.

⁴Joan Hoff Wilson, "The Illusion of Change: Women and the American Revolution," in Albert Young, ed., The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (DeKalb, Ill., 1976), 386-387.

⁵Norton, Liberty's Daughters, 256.

⁶Ibid., 256.

⁷Kerber, Women of the Republic, 199.

⁸John S.C. Gardiner, A Sermon Delivered . . . before the Members of the Boston Female Asylum (Boston, 1809), 19.

⁹Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835, 2d ed. (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 103.

¹⁰Kerber, Women of the Republic, 210.

¹¹Keith Whitescarver, "Creating Citizens for the Republic: Education in Georgia, 1776-1810," Journal of the Early Republic, XIII (1993), 467.

¹²Kerber, Women of the Republic, 193-196.

¹³Benjamin Rush quoted in David Ramsay, An Eulogium upon Benjamin Rush, M.D. (Philadelphia, 1813), 112.

¹⁴Ibid., 107.

¹⁵Benjamin Rush, Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philosophical (Philadelphia, 1798), 6-7.

¹⁶Ibid., 19.

¹⁷Rush, Thoughts on Female Education, 20.

¹⁸Ibid., 19-20.

¹⁹Cott, Bonds of Womanhood, 104; Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 6-9.

²⁰Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 6-7.

²¹Ibid., 9.

²²Ibid., 9-10.

²³Ibid., 10-11.

²⁴L.H. Butterfield, Benjamin Rush's Letters, 1745-1813 (Princeton, N.J., 1951), 294 (punctuation modernized).

²⁵Benjamin Rush, Plan of Education for Dickinson College [1782], ed. Lyman H. Butterfield (Carlisle, Pa., 1973), 15 (punctuation modernized).

²⁶Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 14-15.

²⁷Ibid., 16-18.

²⁸David Alkana, "Spiritual and Rational Authority in Benjamin Rush's Travels Through Life," Texas Studies in Literature and Language, XXXIV (1992), 290.

²⁹Rush, Essays, 24.

³⁰Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 15, 25.

³¹Butterfield, Benjamin Rush's Letters, 617.

³²Kerber, Women of the Republic,193.

³³Norton, Liberty's Daughters, 273.

³⁴Kerber, Women of the Republic, 214-215.

³⁵Norton, Liberty's Daughters, 273.

³⁶Ibid., 275-278.

³⁷Barbara E. Lacey, "Women in the Era of the American Revolution: the Case of Norwich, Connecticut," New England Quarterly, LIII (1980), 536-537, 542.

³⁸Rush, Thoughts upon Female Education, 23.

³⁹Cott, Bonds of Womanhood, 125.

⁴⁰Benjamin Rush quoted in David Freeman Hawke, Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly (New York, 1971), 285.

⁴¹Abraham Blinderman, Three Early Champions of Education: Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush, and Noah Webster (Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 23.